Refugee Mother and Child

Refugee Mother and Child

By
Chinua Achebe


Chinua Achebe’s Mother in a Refugee Camp, paints the pathetic picture of a mother holding her dying son in her hands for the last time, portraying both the inevitability of death and the pain of those whose loved ones have died yet they live on in a harsh light.

The poem

No Madonna and Child could touch
that picture of a mother's tenderness
for a son she soon will have to forget.
The air was heavy with odors of diarrhea of unwashed children
with washedout ribs and dried up
bottoms struggling in labored
steps behind bloup wn empty bellies. Most
mothers there had long ceased
to care but not this one;she held
a ghost smile between her teeth
and in her eyes the ghost of a mother's pride as she combed the rustcolored
hair left on his skull and then
singing in her eyes-- began carefully
to part it...In another life
this would have been a little daily
act of no consequence before his breakfast and school; now she
did it like putting flowers
on a tiny grave.




About the poet
Chinua Achebe (1930 – 2013) is one of Nigeria and Africa’s most recognised and decorated writers. He is more renown for his novels and essays. He came to limelight as a poet and was joint-winner of the Common wealth Poetry Prize in 1972. Chinua Achebe continues to be an inspiration to several people around the world.

Introduction
In Refugee Mother and Child, Achebe realistically presents a refugee camp infected with starvation, disease and death.
The mother and child are nameless so is the location. They can be any mother and child in Africa, driven to refugee camp because of political instability.

Summary
The poem starts with the poet comparing the scene of a mother holding her son in a refugee camp with the love and care which is usually depicted in all versions of Mary holding a ding Jesus in her arms. The poet state that none of the reputed depictions of tenderness could even come near the fragility and beauty of this scene of pathos and heartbreak. This foreshadows that the son in her arms is soon going to die, an idea which is confirmed by the third line which says that after laying her son beneath the earth, the mother would have to learn how to live life without him, and move on.

The next four lines describe the aura of disease, illness and death which surrounds the camp; describing the smells of the camp, and the ribs of the children protruding from sickness, painting a truly horrifying picture of sick infants and helpless people. Then Achebe goes on to say how other mothers no longer care, they can no longer cope with the struggle of surviving and now only await death. However this mother, who was mentioned earlier, do not fall into the same category. There is a remnant of a smile gracing her lips and she remembers her son in all his glory as she holds him for the last time. Her maternal pride had led her to clean him up before laying him to rest, and now she takes out a comb and with singing eyes, she arranges her son’s hair which is rust, a sign that he suffers from kwashiorkor; a protein deficiency. The relevant way in which she performs this act makes the poet reflect on how in normal day to day life, such an act holds no consequence to any mother; they do it before their sons leave for school. But the manner in which this mother does it has such an air of finality to it that it is akin to laying flowers on a tiny grave.

Questions and answers

1. Why is the picture of the refugee mother and her child more tender than Madonna and child?
The refugee mother cares her child with great affection even in the midst of poverty and miseries. This makes the poet think that their picture is more tender than Madonna and child.

2. How does the poet paint the sufferings of the people in the camp?
The air in the refugee camp held nauseating odours of diarrhea and unwashed children. Their ribs stuck out and they walked laboriously with their distended bellies. Through this picture the poet brings out the sufferings of the refugee children and the total helplessness of the situation.

3. “Most mothers had long ceased to care”. Why?
Most mothers in the refugee camp ceased to care their children, as the poignancy of the situation of the refugees had reached their saturation point. They had lost their all hope of survival.

4. How is the combing of the child's hair similar to putting flowers on a grave?
The mother is watching her child dying. Her lost of survival and her act of love and kindness towards her dying child. So the combing of the child's hair is similar to putting flowers on a grave.

Paragraph

1. Comment on the structure of the poem.
The success of the poem lies within the structure and the poet’s ability to present the pain of all those mother who sees the death of her child. Achebe’s own literary language is blended in with images and descriptions that create a sense of compassion for the unfortunate refugees. He skillfully contrasted the imagery of life and death, using irony of singing in the mother’s eyes and cleverly foreshadowing. And adding some literary devices such as alliteration, contracts, imagery, tones and symbols the poet proficiently specifies the ultimate destinies of the protagonists in the poem.

2. How does the juxtaposition of two pictures heighten the emotional appeal of the poem?
Juxtaposition means an act or instance of placing an idea or event close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast. There are two pictures heighten the emotional appeal in the poem. First one is the poet draws our attention to a refugee mother and her child image which remind us another statue, that of the Madonna holding her dead son after the crucifixion. There is immense tenderness and passion in both scenes. But the poet says that the refugee mother was more worried than Madonna.
The second picture is about a mother who is combing the hair of her child with great affection and care. Here the refugee mother combing the hair of her dying child, at the same time it would be different if it is a normal day means she would be combing the hair before her child leave for school. The emotional appeal heighten by using a day today activity is really remarkable one.

Write an essay of 300 words

1. Refugee Mother and Child is a celebration of motherhood. Explain.
The poem starts with the poet comparing the scene of a mother holding her son in a refugee camp with the love and care which is usually depicted in all versions of Mary holding a dying Jesus in her arms. The poet state that none of the reputed depictions of tenderness could even come near the fragility and beauty of this scene of pathos and heartbreak.

The next four lines describe the aura of disease, illness and death which surrounds the camp; describing the smells of the camp, and the ribs of the children protruding from sickness, painting a truly horrifying picture of sick infants and helpless people. Then Achebe goes on to say how other mothers no longer care, they can no longer cope with the struggle of surviving and now only await death. However this mother, who was mentioned earlier, do not fall into the same category. There is a remnant of a smile gracing her lips and she remembers her son in all his glory as she holds him for the last time. Her maternal pride had led her to clean him up before laying him to rest, and now she takes out a comb and with singing eyes, she arranges her son’s hair which is rust, a sign that he suffers from protein deficiency. The relevant way in which she performs this act makes the poet reflect on how in normal day to day life, such an act holds no consequence to any mother; they do it before their sons leave for school. But the manner in which this mother does it has such an air of finality to it that it is akin to laying flowers on a tiny grave.

The poem is full of pathos and the agony of a mother who has to witness her child’s death in front of her eyes is made clear with the use of the initial comparison to the Holy mother Mary and Jesus. The finality of death is evident in this comparison even as the poet himself says that the tenderness of this scene in reality far outshines any that is depicted in all the versions of ‘Madonna and Child.’ Then the strong imagery which is used to describe the setting, the refugee camp, brings out the desolation surrounding the poem. Achebe evokes the sense of smell, sight and feeling to such an extent that tears spring to the reader’s eyes. The metaphor in the mother’s ‘humming eyes’ makes one sympathize with her plight.

No reason is given as to why the people are in a refugee camp. Perhaps there had been a war, or some sort of natural calamity, but Achebe has aptly described how such drastically the lives of those change who are forced to leave their home and take shelter, by focusing on one mother who is holding her dying child. The poem could also act as a testament to a mother’s love, who knows that the child is dead, yet continues to hold him with care and caution. She is not yet ready to let go and accept the fact that he is dead.